The water held in soil at field capacity is the water that matters most to growing crops, but only a fraction of this water-often less than half-is plant available (Armstrong et al., 2001). The term effective root zone refers to approximately the upper half of the root zone depth, where 70% of the plant’s water is taken up. Plants get most of their water from the upper portion of the root zone. In living, healthy soil, many of these pores are created by small soil organisms: digging, tunneling, digesting, excreting, dying, and secreting various glues (such as glomalin) that make soil particles stick together in small clumps called aggregates. Soil holds water in small cavities or pores, just like a sponge.
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